diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 654af06e4..8854a4c1c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.19", features = [
     "time",
 ] }
 faer = "0.24.0"
-pharmsol = { version = "=0.28.8" }
+pharmsol = { version = "=0.29.0" }
 anyhow = "1.0.100"
 rayon = "1.10.0"
 rand = "0.10.1"
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ rand = "0.10.1"
 default = []
 json = []
 exa = []
-dsl-core = ["pharmsol/dsl-core"]
-dsl-jit = ["pharmsol/dsl-jit"]
-dsl-aot = ["pharmsol/dsl-aot"]
-dsl-aot-load = ["pharmsol/dsl-aot-load"]
+dsl = ["pharmsol/dsl"]
 
 [profile.release]
 codegen-units = 1
@@ -59,8 +56,13 @@ name = "bimodal_ke"
 harness = false
 
 # The BestDose example defines its model from a DSL text string, which requires
-# a runtime DSL backend. Build/run it with: `--features dsl-jit`.
+# a runtime DSL backend. Build/run it with: `--features dsl`.
 [[example]]
 name = "bestdose"
 path = "examples/bestdose/main.rs"
-required-features = ["dsl-jit"]
+required-features = ["dsl"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "bimodal_ke_backend_compare"
+path = "examples/bimodal_ke_backend_compare.rs"
+required-features = ["dsl"]
diff --git a/examples/bestdose/main.rs b/examples/bestdose/main.rs
index 82a682b31..ed1ac12e2 100644
--- a/examples/bestdose/main.rs
+++ b/examples/bestdose/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
-use pharmsol::dsl::{
-    compile_module_source_to_runtime, CompiledRuntimeModel, RuntimeCompilationTarget,
-};
+use pharmsol::dsl::{compile_module_source_to_runtime, CompiledRuntimeModel};
 use pharmsol::Equation;
 use pmcore::bestdose::{BestDoseOptions, BestDoseProblem, DoseRange, Target};
 use pmcore::prelude::*;
@@ -34,7 +32,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let eq = match compile_module_source_to_runtime(
         MODEL_SOURCE,
         Some("bestdose_one_compartment"),
-        RuntimeCompilationTarget::Jit,
         |_, _| {},
     )
     .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to compile DSL model: {e}"))?
diff --git a/examples/bimodal_ke_backend_compare.rs b/examples/bimodal_ke_backend_compare.rs
index 81cf95807..0a5488aae 100644
--- a/examples/bimodal_ke_backend_compare.rs
+++ b/examples/bimodal_ke_backend_compare.rs
@@ -1,46 +1,12 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use pharmsol::dsl::{compile_module_source_to_runtime, CompiledRuntimeModel, RuntimeOdeModel};
 use pharmsol::Cache;
 use pmcore::prelude::*;
 
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-use anyhow::{bail, Context};
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-use pharmsol::dsl::{self, CompiledRuntimeModel, RuntimeBackend, RuntimeCompilationTarget};
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-use std::fs;
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
 const DATA_PATH: &str = "examples/bimodal_ke/bimodal_ke.csv";
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
+
 const BIMODAL_KE_DSL: &str = r#"
 name = bimodal_ke
 kind = ode
@@ -66,18 +32,7 @@ struct ComparisonResult {
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut results = Vec::new();
-    results.push(run_legacy()?);
-    results.push(run_macro()?);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "dsl-jit")]
-    results.push(run_runtime_jit()?);
-
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"))]
-    results.push(run_runtime_native_aot()?);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "dsl-wasm")]
-    results.push(run_runtime_wasm()?);
+    let results = vec![run_legacy()?, run_macro()?, run_dsl()?];
 
     print_summary(&results)?;
 
@@ -137,62 +92,16 @@ fn macro_equation() -> equation::ODE {
     .with_solver(OdeSolver::ExplicitRk(ExplicitRkTableau::Tsit45))
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-fn artifact_root(name: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
-    let stamp = SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .context("system clock is before unix epoch")?
-        .as_millis();
-    let path = std::env::current_dir()?
-        .join("target")
-        .join("bimodal_ke_backend_compare")
-        .join(format!("{name}-{stamp}-{}", std::process::id()));
-    fs::create_dir_all(&path)?;
-    Ok(path)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(
-    feature = "dsl-jit",
-    all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-    feature = "dsl-wasm"
-))]
-fn compile_runtime_ode(
-    label: &'static str,
-    expected_backend: RuntimeBackend,
-    target: RuntimeCompilationTarget,
-) -> Result<(pharmsol::dsl::RuntimeOdeModel, Duration)> {
-    let started = Instant::now();
-    let compiled = dsl::compile_module_source_to_runtime(
-        BIMODAL_KE_DSL,
-        Some("bimodal_ke"),
-        target,
-        |_, _| {},
-    )?;
-    let compile_time = started.elapsed();
+fn dsl_equation() -> Result<RuntimeOdeModel> {
+    let compiled = compile_module_source_to_runtime(BIMODAL_KE_DSL, Some("bimodal_ke"), |_, _| {})
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to compile DSL model: {e}"))?;
 
-    let model = match compiled {
-        CompiledRuntimeModel::Ode(model) => model
+    match compiled {
+        CompiledRuntimeModel::Ode(model) => Ok(model
             .enable_cache()
-            .with_solver(OdeSolver::ExplicitRk(ExplicitRkTableau::Tsit45)),
-        CompiledRuntimeModel::Analytical(_) => {
-            bail!("{label} compiled bimodal_ke as analytical instead of ode")
-        }
-        CompiledRuntimeModel::Sde(_) => bail!("{label} compiled bimodal_ke as sde instead of ode"),
-    };
-
-    if model.backend() != expected_backend {
-        bail!(
-            "{label} compiled to {:?}, expected {:?}",
-            model.backend(),
-            expected_backend
-        );
+            .with_solver(OdeSolver::ExplicitRk(ExplicitRkTableau::Tsit45))),
+        other => Err(anyhow!("expected an ODE model, got {:?}", other.kind())),
     }
-
-    Ok((model, compile_time))
 }
 
 fn run_case<E: pharmsol::Equation + Clone + Send + 'static + EquationMetadataSource>(
@@ -214,15 +123,6 @@ fn run_case<E: pharmsol::Equation + Clone + Send + 'static + EquationMetadataSou
         .fit_with(NonParametricAlgorithm::npag())?;
     let fit_time = fit_started.elapsed();
 
-    summarize_result(label, compile_time, fit_time, &result)
-}
-
-fn summarize_result<E: pharmsol::Equation>(
-    label: &'static str,
-    compile_time: Duration,
-    fit_time: Duration,
-    result: &NonParametricResult<E>,
-) -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
     Ok(ComparisonResult {
         label,
         compile_time,
@@ -235,7 +135,7 @@ fn summarize_result<E: pharmsol::Equation>(
 fn run_legacy() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
     let started = Instant::now();
     let equation = legacy_equation();
-    run_case("legacy-handwritten", started.elapsed(), equation)
+    run_case("handwritten", started.elapsed(), equation)
 }
 
 fn run_macro() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
@@ -244,55 +144,21 @@ fn run_macro() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
     run_case("macro-ode", started.elapsed(), equation)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "dsl-jit")]
-fn run_runtime_jit() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
-    let (equation, compile_time) = compile_runtime_ode(
-        "dsl-jit",
-        RuntimeBackend::Jit,
-        RuntimeCompilationTarget::Jit,
-    )?;
-    run_case("dsl-jit", compile_time, equation)
-}
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"))]
-fn run_runtime_native_aot() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
-    let root = artifact_root("native-aot")?;
-    let (equation, compile_time) = compile_runtime_ode(
-        "dsl-native-aot",
-        RuntimeBackend::NativeAot,
-        RuntimeCompilationTarget::NativeAot(
-            dsl::NativeAotCompileOptions::new(root.join("build"))
-                .with_output(root.join("bimodal_ke_runtime_aot.pkm")),
-        ),
-    )?;
-    run_case("dsl-native-aot", compile_time, equation)
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "dsl-wasm")]
-fn run_runtime_wasm() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
-    let (equation, compile_time) = compile_runtime_ode(
-        "dsl-wasm",
-        RuntimeBackend::Wasm,
-        RuntimeCompilationTarget::Wasm,
-    )?;
-    run_case("dsl-wasm", compile_time, equation)
+fn run_dsl() -> Result<ComparisonResult> {
+    let started = Instant::now();
+    let equation = dsl_equation()?;
+    run_case("dsl-runtime", started.elapsed(), equation)
 }
 
 fn print_summary(results: &[ComparisonResult]) -> Result<()> {
     let baseline = results
         .iter()
-        .find(|result| result.label == "legacy-handwritten")
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing legacy-handwritten baseline"))?;
+        .find(|result| result.label == "handwritten")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing handwritten baseline"))?;
 
     println!("bimodal_ke NPAG backend comparison");
     println!("dataset: {DATA_PATH}");
     println!("cache: on");
-    #[cfg(not(any(
-        feature = "dsl-jit",
-        all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-        feature = "dsl-wasm"
-    )))]
-    println!("runtime DSL backends skipped; enable dsl-jit, dsl-aot+dsl-aot-load, or dsl-wasm to include them");
     println!();
     println!(
         "{:<18} {:>12} {:>12} {:>12} {:>14} {:>14}",
diff --git a/src/model/mod.rs b/src/model/mod.rs
index 861d16f1c..9467057ec 100644
--- a/src/model/mod.rs
+++ b/src/model/mod.rs
@@ -139,11 +139,7 @@ impl_metadata_opt!(ODE, Analytical, SDE);
 macro_rules! impl_metadata_some {
     ($($t:ty),+) => {
         $(
-            #[cfg(any(
-                feature = "dsl-jit",
-                all(feature = "dsl-aot", feature = "dsl-aot-load"),
-                all(feature = "dsl-wasm", not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown")))
-            ))]
+            #[cfg(feature = "dsl")]
             impl EquationMetadataSource for $t {
                 fn equation_metadata(&self) -> Option<&ValidatedModelMetadata> {
                     Some(self.metadata())
diff --git a/tests/onecomp.rs b/tests/onecomp.rs
index 4520ab4b9..c63509b52 100644
--- a/tests/onecomp.rs
+++ b/tests/onecomp.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn test_one_compartment_npod() -> Result<()> {
         .fit_with(NonParametricAlgorithm::npod())?;
 
     // Check the results
-    assert_eq!(result.cycles(), 12);
+    assert_eq!(result.cycles(), 11);
     assert!(result.objf() - 565.7749 < 0.01);
 
     Ok(())