diff --git a/src/formats/pdf.rs b/src/formats/pdf.rs
index 7bc7de23..c521ccdc 100644
--- a/src/formats/pdf.rs
+++ b/src/formats/pdf.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 //! [pdf-inspector]: https://github.com/firecrawl/pdf-inspector
 
 use crate::error::ConvertError;
+use crate::shared::text::expand_ligatures;
 use pdf_inspector::PdfError;
 
 pub fn to_markdown(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<String, ConvertError> {
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ pub fn to_markdown(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<String, ConvertError> {
         log::warn!("broken font encodings detected; extracted text may be garbled");
     }
     match result.markdown {
-        Some(mut markdown) if !markdown.trim().is_empty() => {
+        Some(markdown) if !markdown.trim().is_empty() => {
+            let mut markdown = expand_ligatures(&markdown);
             if !markdown.ends_with('\n') {
                 markdown.push('\n');
             }
diff --git a/src/shared/text.rs b/src/shared/text.rs
index aa151948..46e94549 100644
--- a/src/shared/text.rs
+++ b/src/shared/text.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,17 @@
 /// regular space, strip soft hyphens. Line breaks become single spaces; a
 /// CRLF pair is one break. U+200C (ZWNJ) and U+200D (ZWJ) are **preserved**:
 /// they carry meaning in Arabic/Indic shaping and emoji sequences.
+/// Typographic ligatures (ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl, st) are expanded to their
+/// constituent letters so words are not silently corrupted.
 pub fn clean_text(text: &str) -> String {
     let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
     let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
     while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
+        // Expand typographic ligatures to ASCII equivalents.
+        if let Some(expansion) = ligature_expansion(c) {
+            out.push_str(expansion);
+            continue;
+        }
         match c {
             '\u{a0}' => out.push(' '),
             '\u{ad}' | '\u{200b}' | '\u{feff}' => {}
@@ -26,6 +33,42 @@ pub fn clean_text(text: &str) -> String {
     out
 }
 
+/// The ASCII expansion for a typographic ligature (U+FB00–U+FB06:
+/// ff fi fl ffi ffl ſt st), or `None` for any other character.
+fn ligature_expansion(c: char) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    match c {
+        '\u{fb00}' => Some("ff"),
+        '\u{fb01}' => Some("fi"),
+        '\u{fb02}' => Some("fl"),
+        '\u{fb03}' => Some("ffi"),
+        '\u{fb04}' => Some("ffl"),
+        '\u{fb05}' | '\u{fb06}' => Some("st"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Expand typographic ligatures to their constituent ASCII letters.
+///
+/// The PDF extraction path uses this directly instead of [`clean_text`]:
+/// PDF Markdown must keep its line breaks, which `clean_text` collapses.
+pub(crate) fn expand_ligatures(text: &str) -> String {
+    // `str::contains` takes a `Pattern`, and `RangeInclusive<char>` only
+    // implements `Pattern` on nightly, so test chars explicitly. Membership
+    // comes from `ligature_expansion` so the fast path cannot drift from
+    // the expansion table.
+    if !text.chars().any(|c| ligature_expansion(c).is_some()) {
+        return text.to_string();
+    }
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
+    for c in text.chars() {
+        match ligature_expansion(c) {
+            Some(expansion) => out.push_str(expansion),
+            None => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// Collapse whitespace runs to single spaces.
 pub fn collapse_ws(text: &str) -> String {
     let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
@@ -46,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn collapse_ws(text: &str) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::clean_text;
+    use super::{clean_text, expand_ligatures};
 
     #[test]
     fn join_controls_preserved() {
@@ -58,4 +101,27 @@ mod tests {
     fn layout_invisibles_stripped() {
         assert_eq!(clean_text("a\u{ad}b\u{200b}c\u{feff}d\u{a0}e"), "abcd e");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ligatures_expanded() {
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("classi\u{fb01}es"), "classifies");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("a\u{fb00}ected"), "affected");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("de\u{fb02}ect"), "deflect");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("di\u{fb03}cult"), "difficult");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("wa\u{fb04}e"), "waffle");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("fa\u{fb05}"), "fast");
+        assert_eq!(clean_text("ju\u{fb06}"), "just");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expand_ligatures_pdf_path() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            expand_ligatures("\u{fb00}\u{fb01}\u{fb02}\u{fb03}\u{fb04}\u{fb05}\u{fb06}"),
+            "fffiflffifflstst"
+        );
+        // Unlike clean_text, the PDF path must keep line breaks.
+        assert_eq!(expand_ligatures("a\nb\rc"), "a\nb\rc");
+        // Fast path: text without ligatures is returned unchanged.
+        assert_eq!(expand_ligatures("plain text"), "plain text");
+    }
 }