diff --git a/src/shared/header.rs b/src/shared/header.rs
index 0bd455c6..99287a87 100644
--- a/src/shared/header.rs
+++ b/src/shared/header.rs
@@ -94,6 +94,11 @@ pub fn resolve_header_rows(table: &Table, declared: usize) -> usize {
     }
 
     let (mut header_votes, mut data_votes) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    // Columns whose first-row value recurs below. Kept apart from the type
+    // votes: one body cell that happens to repeat its label (a `region`
+    // column holding "region") is weaker evidence than a column of numbers
+    // under a text label.
+    let mut repeat_votes = 0usize;
     for (c, label) in head.iter().enumerate().take(width) {
         let values: Vec<&str> = body
             .iter()
@@ -119,20 +124,25 @@ pub fn resolve_header_rows(table: &Table, declared: usize) -> usize {
             // recurs below is plainly a value of the column, not its label.
             _ => {
                 if values.iter().any(|v| fold(v) == fold(label)) {
-                    data_votes += 1;
+                    repeat_votes += 1;
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if header_votes == 0 && data_votes == 0 {
-        // Text above text, with no value repeated: only the shape of the row
-        // is left to go on. Short single-line entries read as labels, and the
-        // alternative is the empty header row every such table renders today.
-        let labelled = head.iter().take(width).all(|v| v.chars().count() <= MAX_LABEL);
-        return usize::from(labelled);
+    // Type evidence decides whenever there is any; a repeated value only
+    // settles tables that have none.
+    if header_votes > 0 || data_votes > 0 {
+        return usize::from(header_votes > data_votes);
+    }
+    if repeat_votes > 0 {
+        return 0;
     }
-    usize::from(header_votes > data_votes)
+    // Text above text, with no value repeated: only the shape of the row is
+    // left to go on. Short single-line entries read as labels, and the
+    // alternative is the empty header row every such table renders today.
+    let labelled = head.iter().take(width).all(|v| v.chars().count() <= MAX_LABEL);
+    usize::from(labelled)
 }
 
 /// The field count most sampled body rows agree on. Frequency ties break
diff --git a/tests/header_collision.rs b/tests/header_collision.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3923af6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/header_collision.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+//! Header detection when a body cell repeats its own column's label. One
+//! value equal to the header (`region` under `region`) must not outweigh a
+//! typed column under a text label, in any grid format that has no declared
+//! header row.
+
+use anydoc::{Format, to_markdown_bytes};
+use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
+
+const HEADER: [&str; 3] = ["city", "region", "pop"];
+const HEADER_LINE: &str = "| city | region | pop |";
+
+type Row = [&'static str; 3];
+type Build = fn(&Row, &[Row]) -> Vec<u8>;
+
+/// (name, header, body rows). Every case has a text label over a numeric
+/// `pop` column, so the first row is the header.
+const CASES: &[(&str, Row, &[Row])] = &[
+    (
+        "collision in col A",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["city", "south", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "collision in col B",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["Lyon", "region", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "upper case",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["Lyon", "REGION", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "mixed case",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["Lyon", "ReGiOn", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "padded",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["Lyon", "  region  ", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "collision on the first data row",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "region", "100"], ["Lyon", "south", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "Status column containing status",
+        ["city", "Status", "pop"],
+        &[["Paris", "active", "100"], ["Lyon", "status", "200"], ["Nice", "closed", "300"]],
+    ),
+    (
+        "no collision",
+        HEADER,
+        &[["Paris", "north", "100"], ["Lyon", "south", "200"], ["Nice", "east", "300"]],
+    ),
+];
+
+fn rows<'a>(header: &'a [&'a str; 3], body: &'a [[&'a str; 3]]) -> Vec<&'a [&'a str; 3]> {
+    std::iter::once(header).chain(body.iter()).collect()
+}
+
+fn csv(header: &[&str; 3], body: &[[&str; 3]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for row in rows(header, body) {
+        out.push_str(&row.join(","));
+        out.push('\n');
+    }
+    out.into_bytes()
+}
+
+fn zip(parts: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(Vec::new()));
+    let opts = zip::write::SimpleFileOptions::default();
+    for (name, body) in parts {
+        zip.start_file(*name, opts).unwrap();
+        zip.write_all(body.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    }
+    zip.finish().unwrap().into_inner()
+}
+
+fn xlsx(header: &[&str; 3], body: &[[&str; 3]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    const SML: &str = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/spreadsheetml/2006/main";
+    const R: &str = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships";
+    let mut data = String::new();
+    for (r, row) in rows(header, body).into_iter().enumerate() {
+        data.push_str(&format!(r#"<row r="{}">"#, r + 1));
+        for (c, value) in row.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = format!("{}{}", (b'A' + c as u8) as char, r + 1);
+            if value.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+                data.push_str(&format!(r#"<c r="{at}"><v>{value}</v></c>"#));
+            } else {
+                data.push_str(&format!(
+                    r#"<c r="{at}" t="inlineStr"><is><t xml:space="preserve">{value}</t></is></c>"#
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        data.push_str("</row>");
+    }
+    let workbook = format!(
+        r#"<?xml version="1.0"?><workbook xmlns="{SML}" xmlns:r="{R}"><sheets><sheet name="S" sheetId="1" r:id="rId1"/></sheets></workbook>"#
+    );
+    let rels = format!(
+        r#"<?xml version="1.0"?><Relationships xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/relationships"><Relationship Id="rId1" Type="{R}/worksheet" Target="worksheets/sheet1.xml"/></Relationships>"#
+    );
+    let sheet = format!(
+        r#"<?xml version="1.0"?><worksheet xmlns="{SML}"><sheetData>{data}</sheetData></worksheet>"#
+    );
+    zip(&[
+        ("xl/workbook.xml", &workbook),
+        ("xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels", &rels),
+        ("xl/worksheets/sheet1.xml", &sheet),
+    ])
+}
+
+fn ods(header: &[&str; 3], body: &[[&str; 3]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut data = String::new();
+    for row in rows(header, body) {
+        data.push_str("<table:table-row>");
+        for value in row {
+            if value.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+                data.push_str(&format!(
+                    r#"<table:table-cell office:value-type="float" office:value="{value}"><text:p>{value}</text:p></table:table-cell>"#
+                ));
+            } else {
+                data.push_str(&format!(
+                    r#"<table:table-cell office:value-type="string"><text:p>{value}</text:p></table:table-cell>"#
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        data.push_str("</table:table-row>");
+    }
+    let content = format!(
+        r#"<?xml version="1.0"?><office:document-content
+        xmlns:office="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:office:1.0"
+        xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0"
+        xmlns:table="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:table:1.0">
+        <office:body><office:spreadsheet><table:table table:name="S">{data}</table:table></office:spreadsheet></office:body>
+        </office:document-content>"#
+    );
+    zip(&[
+        ("mimetype", "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet"),
+        ("content.xml", &content),
+    ])
+}
+
+/// Every case in every format: the real labels are the header line, and the
+/// table holds the header, the separator and each body row exactly once.
+#[test]
+fn a_label_repeated_in_its_column_keeps_the_header() {
+    let builders: [(Format, Build); 3] =
+        [(Format::Csv, csv), (Format::Excel, xlsx), (Format::Ods, ods)];
+    for (format, build) in builders {
+        for (name, header, body) in CASES {
+            let md = to_markdown_bytes(&build(header, body), format)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{format:?} {name}: {e}"));
+            let expected = format!("| {} |", header.join(" | "));
+            if *header == HEADER {
+                assert_eq!(expected, HEADER_LINE);
+            }
+            let table: Vec<&str> = md.lines().filter(|l| l.starts_with('|')).collect();
+            assert_eq!(md.lines().next(), Some(expected.as_str()), "{format:?} {name}:\n{md}");
+            assert_eq!(table.len(), body.len() + 2, "{format:?} {name}:\n{md}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The table without any collision renders exactly as it did before the fix.
+#[test]
+fn no_collision_is_unchanged() {
+    let (_, header, body) = CASES.last().unwrap();
+    let md = to_markdown_bytes(&csv(header, body), Format::Csv).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        md.trim_end(),
+        "| city | region | pop |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Paris | north | 100 |\n| Lyon | south | 200 |\n| Nice | east | 300 |"
+    );
+}