diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index b396a4cf..c140189f 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ repos:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 
   - repo: https://github.com/adhtruong/mirrors-typos
-    rev: v1.50.1
+    rev: v1.50.3
     hooks:
       - id: typos
         args: [--force-exclude] # omitting --write-changes
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.16.6
+    rev: v0.16.10
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-check
         args: [--fix, --unsafe-fixes]
       - id: ruff-format
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v2.3.1
+    rev: v2.4.0
     hooks:
       - id: mypy
         files: "^src/"
diff --git a/src/ndv/models/_data_wrapper.py b/src/ndv/models/_data_wrapper.py
index 91112328..e968b833 100644
--- a/src/ndv/models/_data_wrapper.py
+++ b/src/ndv/models/_data_wrapper.py
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ def shape(self) -> tuple[int, ...]: ...
 
 ArrayT = TypeVar("ArrayT")
 NPArrayLike = TypeVar("NPArrayLike", bound=SupportsIndexing)
-_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=type)
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
 logger = logging.getLogger("ndv")
 
 
-def _recurse_subclasses(cls: _T) -> Iterator[_T]:
+def _recurse_subclasses(cls: type[_T]) -> Iterator[type[_T]]:
     for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
         yield subclass
         yield from _recurse_subclasses(subclass)