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fix(#10904): a + tree must not read a leaf after a conversion that precedes it - #10921

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@proggeramlug proggeramlug commented Sep 21, 2026 •

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Fixes #10904. Fixes #10937 (the declared-number entry, filed separately: it is a wrong answer on main today, reached by a different door and with different spellings — number[] elements and number fields on this).

The bug

A + chain can read a later operand before an earlier operand's conversion has run. When that conversion is a user valueOf/toString that mutates the later operand's source, perry adds the stale value. No crash, no diagnostic — a wrong number.

const O = { a: null, b: 1, c: 7 };
O.a = { valueOf() { O.c = 100; return 1; } };
console.log(O.a + O.b + O.c);   // node 102, perry 9

Reproduced on v0.5.1618 (train 239) and train 252. The trigger needs an object operand with a side-effecting conversion; plain-number, plain-string and all-primitive chains were never wrong.

Root cause

lower_guarded_numeric_add fuses a whole + tree into one shared guard, which requires evaluating every leaf before any addition. That fusion is deliberate and load-bearing — per-node diamonds cost 86 ms → 119 ms on a bench mini (doc comment at :155-165) — and associativity is preserved. What is not preserved is the interleaving of evaluation with conversion.

For Add(L, R) the specification evaluates L, evaluates R, and only then ToPrimitives both:

  • a + c — both operands are evaluated before either is converted, so pre-evaluating both is exactly right.
  • a + (b + c) — b and c are evaluated (and converted, and added) inside the right operand, but a is only evaluated before them, never converted. Every evaluation still precedes every conversion. Faithful.
  • (a + b) + c — evaluating the left operand runs a's and b's conversions and the inner add before c is evaluated. The fold reads c first. Not faithful. And source-level a + b + c parses to exactly this shape.

By induction: Add(L, R) is faithful iff L is not an Add and R is faithful — no Add node may have an Add as its left child. That is the whole rule, and it matches every row of the boundary mapped in the issue (two operands, a+(b+c), -, *, <, ==, templates, and an explicit call in the same position are all correct; left-associative + chains of three or more are not).

The cold arm does not rescue it: rebuild_add_tree(.., fast = false) rebuilds over the already-lowered leaf values, so even the spec-+ path adds the stale leaf. That is why the symptom is a wrong number rather than a crash.

The fix

(As first pushed. The amendment below narrows the rule and moves it into the fold; the section is kept because it is the argument the rule rests on.)

One condition, as an early return in dynamic_add_tree_benefits_shared_guard, plus the helper that computes it:

if !add_tree_evaluates_before_it_converts(expr) {
    return false;
}

The rest of the predicate, its PERRY_DYNAMIC_ADD_PAIR_GUARD semantics and its call site are byte-identical to main. lower_guarded_numeric_add and rebuild_add_tree are not modified. An unfaithful tree falls through to lower_rooted_dynamic_binary, which lowers left — including left's own helper call and therefore its conversions — before it lowers right, which is the specification order.

Why the cheaper-looking fix is not available

The fast arm is only wrong when the shared test fails, so it is tempting to fix only the cold arm: discard the pre-read values and re-evaluate the later leaves in order. But a leaf can be a call, or a read that reaches a getter, and re-evaluating it can run that effect twice. Discarding and redoing is only legal once something has proven the leaves effect-free — which is exactly what a region guard establishes (#10884, step 4b). Until then the sound choice is to decline the fold for an unfaithful tree.

Amendment, 2026-09-21: decline only when a late leaf can observe the conversion

Lane 13's matrix run on d1f83034f found the first version of this fix broader than the bug. Its read4_stmt column reads the same four fields into const locals, then sums them. It is a left-leaning chain, so the original rule declined it, and it regressed by +91 to +99 instructions per iteration in every cell with no correctness gain. x + y + z over plain locals is one of the commonest expressions in JavaScript. Two commits on top of the original fix correct this.

2a8859a5d — the exact rule is about late leaves, not tree shape

#10904 needs a leaf that the specification evaluates after an earlier conversion and whose value or evaluation that conversion can affect. A property read qualifies (valueOf can assign O.c). A literal does not, and neither does a local that no other code can write.

Rule: Add(L, R) is faithful iff L and R are faithful and, when L is itself an Add, every leaf of R is evaluation-invariant.

leaf invariant? why
literal yes
local outside boxed_vars, not a module global yes (const, let and var) its storage is a stack slot only this activation writes, or a capture slot written once when the closure is built
local captured by a closure and assigned anywhere no in boxed_vars; a closure the valueOf calls can assign it
parameter aliased by a sloppy-mode mapped arguments no in boxed_vars (add_arguments_mapped_boxes)
TDZ-seeded binding no in boxed_vars; its read can throw
module-level binding no a plain function assigns the module global with no capture, so boxed_vars says nothing about it, and no module-wide "never reassigned" fact is reachable here. Declining only costs the per-node lowering
POD-record local, property read, element read, call no

No new analysis: boxed_vars already is "some other code can write this local".

Soundness. The cold arm (rebuild_add_tree(.., fast = false)) already performs the conversions in specification order over the lowered values. The only thing #10904 broke was reading a leaf before an earlier conversion could run, and for an invariant leaf the read time cannot be observed.

85377d40c — the fold has two entries, so the check lives in the fold (#10937)

lower_guarded_numeric_add is reached from two places, and d1f83034f gated only the dynamic one. The declared-number entry, where both operands count as numeric only because an annotation says so, fused the whole tree with no check at all:

const G: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
(G as any)[0] = { valueOf() { G[2] = 100; return 1; } };
function gSum(a: number[]): number { return a[0] + a[1] + a[2]; }
console.log(gSum(G));   // node 103, perry 6 — on main AND on d1f83034f

The faithfulness check now runs at the top of the fold, which every entry passes through. A declined tree lowers node by node through the spec helper. dynamic_add_tree_benefits_shared_guard is back to its exact main-branch form: it decides whether the fold is worth doing, not whether it is correct. The dynamic entry's behaviour is unchanged by the move: its declined trees make the same lower_rooted_dynamic_binary(left, right) call as before, just from inside the fold instead of from the call site.

Measured, all three arms built and measured IN PLACE at their own commit

perf stat -e instructions:u, min of 3, per-iteration cost fitted between N=500k and N=5M. Every arm links its own perry-runtime-static/perry-stdlib-static archives from the same tree, and every fixture is compiled with --no-auto-optimize (#10495: two arms that link different runtime modes produce a difference that is the mode, not the change). Output identical to node on every row of every arm.

fixture late leaf main d1f83034f head
k1 — h += O.a (2 leaves) 47.00 47.00 47.00
k2 — h += O.a + O.b (right-leaning) 76.00 76.00 76.00
k3 — 3 property reads property read 103.00 162.00 162.00
k4 — 4 property reads property read 130.00 213.00 213.00
w4 — mutating receiver, 4 reads property read 192.00 279.00 279.00
ks4 — read4_stmt: 4 reads into consts const local 134.00 224.00 134.00
lk4 — same, into reassigned lets let local 134.00 224.00 134.00
ws4 — mutating receiver, via consts const local 196.00 289.00 196.00
cap4 — 3 consts + a captured let captured let 358.00 443.00 419.00

ks4/lk4/ws4 are lane 13's read4_stmt shape, and they return exactly to main's cost — 134.00 and 196.00 to the hundredth. k3/k4/w4 stay where the first commit put them, as declared.

cap4 shows the rule is local: the chain is h + (((a + b) + c) + d) where a, b, c are const locals and d is a let a closure assigns. Only the node whose late leaf is d declines; the invariant prefix keeps its fused guard, so head lands between main and the blanket refusal (358 → 443 → 419).

The exemption's must-fail control

Sabotage arm: the same head with the exemption widened to ignore boxed_vars and module globals (one committed edit, built and measured in place like the others).

case node main d1f83034f head sabotage
F captured let a closure assigns 103 4 103 103 4
F2 module global a plain function assigns 103 4 103 103 4
G declared number[] 103 6 6 103 103
H declared number fields on this 107 10 10 107 107

Three unit tests fail under that sabotage and only those three: left_chain_declines_when_a_late_leaf_is_captured_and_assigned, ..._is_a_module_global, ..._is_a_mapped_arguments_parameter. The exemptions the sabotage does not touch (property_read, the declared-number element read) still pass, so each refusal is load-bearing on its own.

One positive test came out of a test that could not pass: perry mints a module global only for a binding some function or closure references, so top-level lets that nothing references stay slots in main. left_chain_over_top_level_slots_keeps_the_fold pins that (they fold), and the module-global test now declares a function bump() { c = 100 } to make its premise real.

Lane 13's this nit, answered

The matrix has read4__this__cctor/cfield at +29.2% on this head against +12.7% on the first one. That is the declared-number entry being gated, not something the this receiver lost. A class method's this.a + this.b + this.c + this.e over number-annotated fields is statically numeric, so it reaches the fold through the entry d1f83034f never checked — and on the same counterexample d1f83034f prints 10 where node prints 107 (fixture case H, both arms built in place at their own commit). Those cells were fast because they were wrong.

Measured cost, first commit (d1f83034f) against main

perf stat -e instructions:u, min of 3, per-iteration cost fitted between N=500k and N=5M, perry flat across the range on every row. Output identical to node on every row in both arms. Both arms built from this branch — BEFORE is this tree minus the fix commit.

The two arms are distinguished by markers, not by cmp — perry's builds are not deterministic (two builds of the same input with the same compiler differ by 38 bytes of string-pool order; #7622, #10590), so binary inequality would prove nothing. The markers: the parity fixture's output (9 before, 102 after) and the per-iteration instruction counts on k3/k4 (+57/+80), neither of which a string-pool reordering can produce. In the emitted IR the fixed compiler's run() shows the rule directly: h + (O.a + O.b) keeps the whole-tree fast arm (3 fadd), (h + O.a) + O.b declines the outer add (2).

fixture tree shape before after Δ
k1 — h += O.a h + a 47.00 47.00 0
k2 — h += O.a + O.b h + (a + b) — right-leaning 76.00 76.00 0
k3 — h += O.a + O.b + O.c h + ((a + b) + c) 103.00 160.00 +57
k4 — h += O.a + … + O.d h + (((a + b) + c) + d) 130.00 210.00 +80
w1 — mutating receiver, 1 read h + a 115.00 115.00 0
w2 — mutating receiver, 2 reads h + (a + b) 139.00 139.00 0
w4 — mutating receiver, 4 reads left-leaning inner 192.00 276.00 +84
mx3 — Math.abs(k) + O.b + O.c (A + b) + c 90.00 122.00 +32
av3 — Math.abs(…) × 3 statically numeric 22.00 22.00 0

The regression is deliberate and it is the correct trade — correct-and-slower beats fast-and-wrong. It is confined to chains with an inner left-leaning +. The dominant accumulator shape is untouched: sum += row.x + row.y parses as sum + (row.x + row.y), which is right-leaning and keeps its shared guard — that is why k2/w2 are unchanged, and it is why the rule above is worth deriving exactly rather than approximating by leaf count (a "≤ 2 leaves" version of this fix, built and measured first, cost k2 +27 and w2 +28 for no soundness gain).

av3 never reaches this predicate — every leaf is statically numeric, so the call site takes the static numeric path first. It is included to show that path is untouched, not as a test of the rule.

For mainwatch: two-leaf chains are unchanged

h + o.a — the shape the cron guard's own3 / inh / inh3 rows measure — is a two-leaf tree, which is always faithful. k1 and w1 above are that shape, and they are unchanged to the hundredth of an instruction. Right-leaning three-leaf trees (k2/w2) are also unchanged. If mainwatch flags a row after this lands, it will be a left-leaning chain, and the explanation is the table above.

Tests

  • test-files/test_parity_region_guards.ts (new, committed before this fix): ten differential cases against node. Four fail without this commit — A delete (NaN vs 9), A2 overwrite (102 vs 9), A3 toString (12undefined vs 127), A5 accessor (52 vs 9) — and all ten pass with it. That is the sabotage proof in the direction that matters: the control tree is this branch minus the fix, and it fails exactly those four and passes the other six. The other six (relational, store-then-bail, same-key store, Proxy receiver with a trap count, accessor on the prototype, all-primitive control) are the cases the follow-up region work must not break.

  • expr::dynamic_add_tree_tests::three_leaf_dynamic_add_tree_uses_one_shared_guard still passes. It asserts the shared guard on a + (b + c) — a right-leaning tree — and a first version of this fix that declined every three-leaf tree broke it. That test passing is evidence the exact rule matches the fold's original design intent rather than merely suppressing it.

  • cargo test -p perry-codegen: 1655 passed, 0 failed, 1 ignored. cargo fmt --check: clean. cargo clippy -p perry-codegen: no new warning in the touched file.

  • Amendment tests. test_parity_region_guards.ts grows F (a captured let a closure assigns — the must-fail control for the local exemption), F2 (a module global a plain function assigns), F3 (const locals: the shape that folds again, and node's answer is 6 precisely because the reads happened in their own statements) and G (the declared-number[] chain). All 16 lines match node on the amended head; 7 of them are wrong on main and G is still wrong on d1f83034f. Eight new unit tests cover each exemption and each refusal.

  • Re-run on the amended head: cargo test -p perry-codegen 2170 passed, 0 failed; cargo fmt --all --check clean; cargo clippy -p perry-codegen clean, no warning naming binary.rs.

What buys the regression back

#10884 step 4b stage 1 — region-scoped guards — verifies every loaded operand is a primitive number before any operator runs. Once the leaves are proven primitive, no conversion can run user code, so reading them out of source order is unobservable, and the fold becomes admissible again licensed rather than assumed. That PR will be stacked directly on this one.

Summary by CodeRabbit

  • Bug Fixes

    • Fixed incorrect results for complex addition expressions involving side effects in valueOf or toString.
    • Preserved JavaScript evaluation order when optimizing arithmetic operations.
    • Improved handling of object operands, property changes, prototype getters, proxy traps, and bailout scenarios.
  • Tests

    • Added coverage for region-scoped guard behavior and side-effect-sensitive arithmetic and relational operations.
    • Added control cases confirming safe optimization for primitive-only operands.

Ralph added 2 commits September 21, 2026 15:55
…plementation

Ten differential cases against node. Four of them (A, A2, A3, A5) FAIL on
pristine v0.5.1618 today: a left-associative + chain of three or more operands
reads every operand before the adds, so a mutating valueOf or toString sees a
stale later operand. Filed as #10904. That is their proof they can fail.

The other six are what a region implementation must not break, and each has a
sabotage that must turn it red: B/B2 by admitting a store inside a region, C/D
by skipping the entry guard, E by declining everything.

The .js twin is gitignored in test-files; it is byte-identical and regenerated
by copying the .ts, which carries no TypeScript syntax.
…ecedes it

lower_guarded_numeric_add fuses a whole + tree into ONE shared guard, which
means evaluating every leaf before any addition. That is faithful only when the
specification also finishes every evaluation before the first conversion.

For Add(L, R) the spec evaluates L, evaluates R, and only then ToPrimitives
both. So if L is itself an Add, L's own conversions run BEFORE R is evaluated,
and a user valueOf or toString in L can change what a leaf in R reads:

  const O = { a: null, b: 1, c: 7 };
  O.a = { valueOf() { O.c = 100; return 1; } };
  O.a + O.b + O.c        // parses as (O.a + O.b) + O.c -- node 102, perry 9

By induction that gives an exact rule rather than a leaf-count approximation:
Add(L, R) is faithful iff L is not an Add and R is faithful -- no Add node may
have an Add as its LEFT child. Only that condition is added, as an early return
in dynamic_add_tree_benefits_shared_guard; the rest of the predicate, its
PERRY_DYNAMIC_ADD_PAIR_GUARD semantics and its call site are unchanged.

The dominant accumulator shape keeps its guard: sum += row.x + row.y parses as
sum + (row.x + row.y), which is right-leaning and faithful. What loses it is a
chain with an inner left-leaning +, such as h += a + b + c.

The cold arm does not rescue the unfaithful case: rebuild_add_tree(fast = false)
rebuilds over the already-lowered leaf values, so even the spec-+ path adds the
stale leaf. That is why the symptom is a wrong number and not a crash.

The cheaper-looking fix is not available. Making the cold arm correct would
mean discarding the pre-read values and re-evaluating later leaves in order, but
a leaf can be a call or a read that reaches a getter, so redoing it can run an
effect twice. That is only legal once something has proven the leaves
effect-free, which is what a region guard establishes (#10884).
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📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

The change updates numeric addition folding to preserve evaluation order when later leaves can change during earlier operand conversion. New IR and differential tests cover mutable locals, globals, property reads, arrays, closures, arguments, and region-guard side effects.

Changes

Addition guard correctness

Layer / File(s) Summary
Evaluation-order guard
crates/perry-codegen/src/expr/binary.rs
lower_guarded_numeric_add now declines the shared fold when the addition tree is not evaluation-order faithful. The predicate permits invariant literals and locals, and rejects mutable property, element, call, module-global, POD-record, closure, and mapped-arguments reads.
Dynamic addition-tree coverage
crates/perry-codegen/src/expr/dynamic_add_tree_tests.rs
IR tests verify which left-leaning addition chains retain shared guards and fused fadd operations, and which chains decline them.
Region guard differential coverage
test-files/test_parity_region_guards.ts
Differential cases compare Node results with hoisted-value results for operand mutations, bail restarts, proxy traps, prototype getters, primitive operands, captured locals, module globals, declared-number array elements, and numeric class fields.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes

Change: Bug fix · Severity of issue fixed: Medium

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4 | ❌ 1

❌ Failed checks (1 warning)

Check name Status Explanation Resolution
Docstring Coverage ⚠️ Warning Docstring coverage is 69.57% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff. Analyzed 23 functions across 3 files. Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.
✅ Passed checks (4 passed)
Check name Status Explanation
Linked Issues check ✅ Passed The changes satisfy the coding requirements in #10904. lower_guarded_numeric_add rejects an unsafe shared-leaf fold and uses node-by-node js_dynamic_string_or_number_add lowering. The predicate re…
Out of Scope Changes check ✅ Passed The changes stay within #10904. The Rust change adjusts + tree admission and its fallback lowering. The added tests verify evaluation order, shared-guard coverage, declared-number coverage, and the …
Title check ✅ Passed The title clearly and concisely identifies the main fix: preventing incorrect leaf reads in a + tree before an earlier conversion.
Description check ✅ Passed The description is complete and directly related to the change. It explains the bug, root cause, fix, performance trade-offs, related issues, measured results, and test coverage. It does not use the t…
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⚠️ Outside diff range comments (1)

🟠 Major · Guard the declared-only branch with the add-tree eligibility check. · binary.rs:1251-1254

crates/perry-codegen/src/expr/binary.rs:1251-1254
🎯 Functional Correctness | 🟠 Major | ⚡ Quick win

Guard the declared-only branch with the add-tree eligibility check.

dynamic_add_tree_benefits_shared_guard rejects left-associated trees, but the declared-only numeric branch calls lower_guarded_numeric_add directly. That helper roots all leaves before rebuilding both arms. For (a + b) + c, it can preload c before converting a. If a.valueOf() mutates c, the dynamic arm uses the stale value and returns an incorrect result.

The materialization guard does not cover this call. Its predicate only checks whether the right operand reads a POD numeric field that the left operand can materialize. A local c does not trigger that guard.

Apply the same add_tree_evaluates_before_it_converts check to this call, or enforce it inside lower_guarded_numeric_add. Route rejected trees through lower_rooted_dynamic_binary. Add a differential case with a declared number local holding an object through as any, a closure mutation of a later declared number local, and a left-associated three-operand +. The existing test-files/test_parity_region_guards.ts cases use unvouched object-property reads and do not force this declared-only branch.

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In `@crates/perry-codegen/src/expr/binary.rs` around lines 1251 - 1254, The
declared-only numeric path in lower guarded numeric add must also enforce
add-tree eligibility before calling lower_guarded_numeric_add. Apply
add_tree_evaluates_before_it_converts to the branch involving
numeric_proof_is_declared_only; route rejected left-associated trees through
lower_rooted_dynamic_binary, preserving evaluation order. Add a differential
regression case covering a declared number local containing an object via as
any, mutation of a later declared number local through a closure, and a
left-associated three-operand addition.

🤖 Prompt to fix review comments
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only still-valid issues, skip the rest with a brief reason, keep changes
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Outside diff comments:
In `@crates/perry-codegen/src/expr/binary.rs`:
- Around line 1251-1254: The declared-only numeric path in lower guarded numeric
add must also enforce add-tree eligibility before calling
lower_guarded_numeric_add. Apply add_tree_evaluates_before_it_converts to the
branch involving numeric_proof_is_declared_only; route rejected left-associated
trees through lower_rooted_dynamic_binary, preserving evaluation order. Add a
differential regression case covering a declared number local containing an
object via as any, mutation of a later declared number local through a closure,
and a left-associated three-operand addition.

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Acceptance-matrix verdict: correctness confirmed, two-leaf rows bit-identical — and the fix also taxes a spelling it cannot need to

The ONE PATH acceptance matrix on this PR: base = merge-base 841b605c9 (train 252) vs
head d1f83034f. 269 cells (field type num), marginal instructions:u, min of 3, fitted
500k→5M, every cell output-identical to node, every cell disassembled to confirm its access is
inside the loop. Declared EXPECT=read4.

Arms asserted by content, not cmp

perry's output is not deterministic (lane 14: string-pool interning order), so a differing sha
does not prove the arms differ. Each arm is instead proven twice:

arm commit embedded in binary #10904 counterexample O.a + O.b + O.c
base 841b605c9 yes (2 hits) 9 — the bug
head d1f83034f yes (2 hits) 102 — node's answer

Link mode pinned (PERRY_NO_AUTO_OPTIMIZE=1) on both.

Summary

operation max/min median/node verdict Δ median vs base
read1 4.72× 9.05× FAIL +0.00
read4 7.50× 24.15× FAIL +82.00
read4_stmt 4.32× 23.94× FAIL +91.00
overwrite 5.00× 5.75× FAIL +0.00
addkey 1.26× 24.18× FAIL +0.00
inherited 1.23× 37.45× FAIL +0.00
method 55.88× 372.29× FAIL +0.00
read1_hoisted 3.45× 5.27× FAIL +0.00
read4_hoisted 9.31× 22.70× FAIL +84.00
inherited_hoisted 1.27× 19.60× FAIL +0.00

Per-operation delta, head − base (instructions per iteration)

operation cells min Δ max Δ exactly 0 spelling
read1 35 +0.00 +0.00 35 h += o.a — 2 leaves
overwrite 35 +0.00 +0.00 35 h += 1.0 — 2 leaves
addkey 21 +0.00 +0.01 20 h += o.z — 2 leaves
inherited 7 +0.00 +0.00 7 h += o.pa — 2 leaves
method 35 −0.01 +0.03 32 h += o.m() — 2 leaves
read1_hoisted 30 +0.00 +0.00 30 2 leaves
inherited_hoisted 6 +0.00 +0.00 6 2 leaves
read4 35 +6.00 +89.00 0 4-leaf left chain, property leaves
read4_hoisted 30 +9.00 +93.00 0 4-leaf left chain, property leaves
read4_stmt 35 +91.00 +99.00 0 4-leaf left chain, const-local leaves

The two-leaf rows are bit-identical, as required: 165 of 169 cells are exactly 0.00, and the
other four are ±0.01–0.03 — fractional-fit noise on the allocating method/addkey cells, well
under one instruction.

Which spelling read4 uses: h += o.a + o.b + o.c + o.e. + is left-associative, so that
is the left-leaning chain (((o.a + o.b) + o.c) + o.e) with four property-read leaves —
lane 7's k4 shape — and it regresses as declared, +6 to +89. read4_hoisted is the same
spelling without the keeper store; it appears under "regressed" only because I declared read4
alone, and mechanically it is the same expected cost.

The finding: read4_stmt regresses too, and it should not need to

read4_stmt (added today) is read4's statement-level twin — the same four reads, each hoisted
into its own const before the chain, then the identical sum:

o.d = k;
const r0 = o.a; const r1 = o.b; const r2 = o.c; const r3 = o.e;
h += r0 + r1 + r2 + r3;

It regresses +91 to +99 in every cell — more uniformly than read4 itself. But the #10904
hazard is reading a later leaf after an earlier leaf's conversion has mutated that leaf's
source
. Here every leaf is a non-captured const local that was materialised in its own
statement before the chain begins; a valueOf on r0 cannot change r1. Fusing that chain
into one shared guard was already correct, so this is ~95 instructions per iteration of
correctness cost with no correctness benefit
.

That suggests the admission predicate in binary.rs can be narrowed without reopening the bug:
a chain whose leaves are all literals or non-captured const/immutable locals cannot observe a
conversion's side effect and can keep the fused form. read4_stmt is the matrix cell that would
show that narrowing working — it should return to the base cost while read4 stays where this
PR puts it.

It also sets up the next measurement the coordinator asked for: before this PR read4 and
read4_stmt cost the same (234 vs 236 on local/cctor); lane 7's stage-1 regions form only
inside + trees, so they should pull read4 back down and leave read4_stmt where it is, and
the gap between those two columns is the spelling variance ONE PATH exists to delete.

Gate status

diff.py exits 1: 65 cells regressed outside the declared EXPECT=read4 — 30 are
read4_hoisted (same spelling, my declaration was incomplete) and 35 are read4_stmt (the
finding above). Nothing voided, nothing diverged from node.

Ralph Küpper added 2 commits September 21, 2026 19:46
The first commit declined every left-leaning + chain. That is sound but
broader than the bug. #10904 needs a leaf the specification evaluates AFTER an
earlier conversion AND whose value or evaluation that conversion can affect. A
property read is one (valueOf can assign O.c); a local nothing else can write
is not, and neither is a literal. As written, `x + y + z` over plain locals,
one of the commonest expressions in JavaScript, got slower for no correctness
gain: lane 13's read4_stmt column (four const locals summed) was +91..+99.

Rule: Add(L, R) is faithful iff L and R are, and, when L is an Add, every leaf
of R is evaluation-invariant. Invariant leaves are literals and LocalGets whose
storage only this activation writes: outside boxed_vars (captured and assigned
anywhere, a parameter a sloppy mapped `arguments` aliases, a TDZ box), not a
module global (any function can assign one without capturing it), not a POD
record. No new analysis: boxed_vars already is "some other code can write it".

Soundness: the cold arm (rebuild_add_tree, fast = false) already performs the
conversions in spec order over the lowered values. The only thing #10904 broke
was READING a leaf before an earlier conversion could run, and for an
invariant leaf the read time is unobservable.

Fixture: F (captured let a closure assigns, the must-fail control for the
exemption), F2 (module global a plain function assigns), F3 (const locals, the
shape that folds again). Unit tests pin each exemption and each refusal.
lower_guarded_numeric_add is reached from two places, and the first commit
gated only one. The declared-number entry (both operands "numeric" only
because an annotation says so) fused the whole tree unconditionally, so the
same stale read survived there: with `a: number[]` and an object in a[0]
whose valueOf assigns a[2], `a[0] + a[1] + a[2]` printed 6 where node prints
103, on this branch and on main.

The faithfulness check now lives at the top of the fold, where every entry
passes, and a declined tree lowers node by node through the spec helper.
dynamic_add_tree_benefits_shared_guard returns to its main-branch form: it
answers whether the fold is worth it, not whether it is correct.

The dynamic entry's code is unchanged in effect: its declined trees took the
same lower_rooted_dynamic_binary call before, from the call site.

Fixture G and a unit test pin the declared-number entry.
@proggeramlug

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Amended head 5123a5c00: the narrowing works exactly — read4_stmt is back at base cost, 0.00 instructions off, in all 35 cells

Re-run of the acceptance matrix, base = merge-base 841b605c9 (unchanged, results reused), head =
5123a5c00. 269 cells, field type num, marginal instructions:u, min of 3, fitted 500k→5M.

Arms asserted by content (perry's output is nondeterministic, so cmp proves nothing): the head
binary embeds 5123a5c00, and the #10904 counterexample prints 102 on it against 9 on the
unfixed base.

check declared before the run result
EXPECT=read4,read4_hoisted property-leaf chains may still cost; the bug stays fixed 65 cells regressed as declared, +4.7% to +46.6%
MUST_EQUAL=read4_stmt const-local leaves must return to base within 0.5 instr 0 cells off base, worst |delta| 0.00
MUST_PASS=all every correctness fixture must match node on the head 3/3, including the captured-let must-fail control
everything else bit-identical 0 regressed, 0 voided, 0 diverged

DIFFRC=0.

The narrowing is exact, not approximate

Every one of the 35 read4_stmt cells is 0.00 instructions from its pre-#10921 value — not
"within tolerance", identical. Those are the chains whose four leaves are non-captured const
locals materialised before the chain, where no conversion can change a leaf and the fused form was
already correct. They now keep it.

base previous head d1f83034f amended head 5123a5c00
read4_stmt median Δ — +91.00 +0.00
read4 median Δ — +82.00 +82.00
read4_hoisted median Δ — +84.00 +84.00

So the ~95 instructions per iteration of correctness cost that the previous head charged to
evaluation-invariant chains is gone, and the property-read chains — the ones that can actually
observe a conversion's side effect — still pay it.

The must-fail control still fails when it should

c10904_captured_let is the case the narrowing could have broken: leaves that are locals but are
a captured let the first leaf's valueOf mutates. It prints 102 on this head (node's answer)
and 9 on a perry that has the bug. It is in the run as a MUST_PASS fixture precisely because
the relative rule alone would have accepted a head that still printed 9 — the base prints 9 by
design.

One nit, not a blocker: read4__this__cctor/cfield moved +29.2% here against +12.7% on the
previous head (236 → 305 rather than 236 → 266), so the this receiver lost something the earlier
head kept. Every other cell matches the previous head to the instruction. Worth a glance, but it is
inside the declared read4 expectation.

Lane 13's matrix flagged `read4__this__cctor/cfield` moving +29.2% on the
amended head against +12.7% on the first one. That extra cost is the second
entry being gated, not something the `this` receiver lost: a class method's
`this.a + this.b + this.c + this.e` over `number`-annotated fields is
statically numeric, so it reaches the fold through the declared-number entry,
which the first head did not check.

Measured on the same counterexample, both arms built in place at their own
commit: `d1f83034f` prints 10, the amended head prints 107, node prints 107.
Those cells were fast because they were wrong.

`this` is the commonest receiver in class code, so it gets its own fixture
case rather than riding on G's element reads.
@proggeramlug

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Landed on main in merge train 254 (#10930, a022cf2e41, released as v0.5.1634) — your commits are on main verbatim; the train cherry-picked them rather than merging this branch, so GitHub cannot mark it merged. Closing as landed, not as rejected.

This one moved three times during assembly and the train carries the final head. The freshness guard caught each move before a validation cycle was spent on a stale tree. A changelog fragment was written in the train describing the final rule — faithful iff L is not an Add or every leaf of R is evaluation-invariant, checked inside the fold so both entries are covered — rather than the first commit's broader "decline every left-leaning chain".

The train was validated as one tree: all ratchets, cargo check --workspace --all-targets under -D warnings, cargo audit (0 vulnerabilities), the 83-gate run_lint_gates.sh (only the known-red public baseline failing), 6,679 unit tests + 1,150 CLI tests + 8 acceptance tests with zero failures, both compiler-output regressions, the repsel census, and a 174-test gap sweep with no unexplained regressions. Artifacts were pinned by sha256 before the test phase and still matched after it.

proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Slice 1 of the CFG-defined region: a single-entry run of accesses over which
one receiver's (pointer, ShapeId) pair is held, entered through ONE shape
compare, whose failure leaves for a generic copy and never rejoins. This slice
forms the runs that already sit inside one + tree, where leaves are already
collected; the same program spelled across statements is the next slice.

  [R1] guard   tag test + unmask + ONE ShapeId compare
  [R2] load    every key's slot, from one atomic region word
  [R3] verify  every leaf is a primitive Number
  [R4] use     fold the tree with fadd

The region does not compute the right answer when an operand is unfriendly;
it declines before computing one. Hoisting every leaf above the additions is
what #10904 did wrong; it is legal here because R3 proves no addition can
reach ToPrimitive, and a failed check discards the loaded values and lowers
the tree afresh, in source order, in the generic copy. That re-evaluation is
only legal because every admitted leaf is effect-free: a read of the guarded
receiver, a local, or a numeric literal.

Supplier (b): the expected id and every key's slot live in ONE atomic word,
primed on a miss by js_region_guard_pack (bounded to 8 attempts per region),
so a concurrent prime can never pair one shape's id with another's slots.
The slot comes from js_shape_ordinary_inline_slot_for_key, which already
exists and already backs the element-shape preheader.

Every failure edge lands in the generic copy, the post-#10921 lowering of the
same tree, so a mispredicted region costs a few compares, never a cliff.
PERRY_REGION_READS=0 disables; PERRY_REGION_DIAG=1 reports regions formed and
the statement-level runs this slice does not reach.
proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Slice 1 of the CFG-defined region: a single-entry run of accesses over which
one receiver's (pointer, ShapeId) pair is held, entered through ONE shape
compare, whose failure leaves for a generic copy and never rejoins. This slice
forms the runs that already sit inside one + tree, where leaves are already
collected; the same program spelled across statements is the next slice.

  [R1] guard   tag test + unmask + ONE ShapeId compare
  [R2] load    every key's slot, from one atomic region word
  [R3] verify  every leaf is a primitive Number
  [R4] use     fold the tree with fadd

The region does not compute the right answer when an operand is unfriendly;
it declines before computing one. Hoisting every leaf above the additions is
what #10904 did wrong; it is legal here because R3 proves no addition can
reach ToPrimitive, and a failed check discards the loaded values and lowers
the tree afresh, in source order, in the generic copy. That re-evaluation is
only legal because every admitted leaf is effect-free: a read of the guarded
receiver, a local, or a numeric literal.

Supplier (b): the expected id and every key's slot live in ONE atomic word,
primed on a miss by js_region_guard_pack (bounded to 8 attempts per region),
so a concurrent prime can never pair one shape's id with another's slots.
The slot comes from js_shape_ordinary_inline_slot_for_key, which already
exists and already backs the element-shape preheader.

Every failure edge lands in the generic copy, the post-#10921 lowering of the
same tree, so a mispredicted region costs a few compares, never a cliff.
PERRY_REGION_READS=0 disables; PERRY_REGION_DIAG=1 reports regions formed and
the statement-level runs this slice does not reach.
proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Slice 1 of the CFG-defined region: a single-entry run of accesses over which
one receiver's (pointer, ShapeId) pair is held, entered through ONE shape
compare, whose failure leaves for a generic copy and never rejoins. This slice
forms the runs that already sit inside one + tree, where leaves are already
collected; the same program spelled across statements is the next slice.

  [R1] guard   tag test + unmask + ONE ShapeId compare
  [R2] load    every key's slot, from one atomic region word
  [R3] verify  every leaf is a primitive Number
  [R4] use     fold the tree with fadd

The region does not compute the right answer when an operand is unfriendly;
it declines before computing one. Hoisting every leaf above the additions is
what #10904 did wrong; it is legal here because R3 proves no addition can
reach ToPrimitive, and a failed check discards the loaded values and lowers
the tree afresh, in source order, in the generic copy. That re-evaluation is
only legal because every admitted leaf is effect-free: a read of the guarded
receiver, a local, or a numeric literal.

Supplier (b): the expected id and every key's slot live in ONE atomic word,
primed on a miss by js_region_guard_pack (bounded to 8 attempts per region),
so a concurrent prime can never pair one shape's id with another's slots.
The slot comes from js_shape_ordinary_inline_slot_for_key, which already
exists and already backs the element-shape preheader.

Every failure edge lands in the generic copy, the post-#10921 lowering of the
same tree, so a mispredicted region costs a few compares, never a cliff.
PERRY_REGION_READS=0 disables; PERRY_REGION_DIAG=1 reports regions formed and
the statement-level runs this slice does not reach.
proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Slice 1 of the CFG-defined region: a single-entry run of accesses over which
one receiver's (pointer, ShapeId) pair is held, entered through ONE shape
compare, whose failure leaves for a generic copy and never rejoins. This slice
forms the runs that already sit inside one + tree, where leaves are already
collected; the same program spelled across statements is the next slice.

  [R1] guard   tag test + unmask + ONE ShapeId compare
  [R2] load    every key's slot, from one atomic region word
  [R3] verify  every leaf is a primitive Number
  [R4] use     fold the tree with fadd

The region does not compute the right answer when an operand is unfriendly;
it declines before computing one. Hoisting every leaf above the additions is
what #10904 did wrong; it is legal here because R3 proves no addition can
reach ToPrimitive, and a failed check discards the loaded values and lowers
the tree afresh, in source order, in the generic copy. That re-evaluation is
only legal because every admitted leaf is effect-free: a read of the guarded
receiver, a local, or a numeric literal.

Supplier (b): the expected id and every key's slot live in ONE atomic word,
primed on a miss by js_region_guard_pack (bounded to 8 attempts per region),
so a concurrent prime can never pair one shape's id with another's slots.
The slot comes from js_shape_ordinary_inline_slot_for_key, which already
exists and already backs the element-shape preheader.

Every failure edge lands in the generic copy, the post-#10921 lowering of the
same tree, so a mispredicted region costs a few compares, never a cliff.
PERRY_REGION_READS=0 disables; PERRY_REGION_DIAG=1 reports regions formed and
the statement-level runs this slice does not reach.
proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Written and run before any production edit. Node 26.5.1 passes all six cases; installed Perry 0.5.1520 reports the two expected failures (6 vs 103, 10 vs 107), with exactly one conversion and a mutated late slot. Four right-associated/snapshot controls pass. The fixture asserts all six cases executed. The assigned base already carries the production fix from #10921.
proggeramlug pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Sep 22, 2026
Written and run before any production edit. Node 26.5.1 passes all six cases; installed Perry 0.5.1520 reports the two expected failures (6 vs 103, 10 vs 107), with exactly one conversion and a mutated late slot. Four right-associated/snapshot controls pass. The fixture asserts all six cases executed. The assigned base already carries the production fix from #10921.
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